Saturday, February 28, 2009

Bridges and Fences

Inquiry:



In 1995, residents of Quebec voted not to secede from the Canadian federation by a tiny margin.

Imagine what might have happened to North America if they had parted ways. Canada and the United States are dependent upon one another for trade and resources, and there are a number of agreements between the countries that account in part for both their successes as regional and world powers. Canada is a member of the Group of Eight, NAFTA, NATO, the UN, and so on.

With a split economy and a political wedge driven between the Atlantic Provinces and the rest of the country, the new nations would be given to greater fractionalization. Interior and foreign policies would get incredibly more complex for everyone in North America. Individuals would begin exoduses from nations that no longer represented their interests. French Canada itself would face harder times, as it lost much of the diversity that makes its economy so secure now. It would surely also suffer from a self-imposed stigma.

Why secede in the first place? The French originally colonized Canada, and the Quebec region (which is still dominated by descendents of the French) has a strong cultural tilt, which is why they continue to use their predecessors' language. They find these values increasingly threatened by the largely English-speaking world as it closes around them.

The real problem, though, is that there is no simple solution to the culture question. Preservation of a culture for its own sake is to a certain degree sentimental and nationalistic nonsense. But then, why is assimilation better? What makes one culture better than another, simply because the other is bigger?


Think about this as the issues of immigration bombard you from every news source. The answers are complicated, but they are there - and in every instance of divisive politic I've run across, the best solutions have involved compromise, acceptance, and most prominently, a mutual desire for everybody to benefit.

Tuesday, February 24, 2009

A Forced Vacation: Three Days in Ohio

Discovery:

My girlfriend, Val, and I were keen for adventure as we set off southward from her Newark, NJ apartment onto the Garden State Parkway. My white Daewoo Nubira was stuffed to the brim with everything we could possibly need for life on the road: a closet’s worth of clothing, CDs, various snack foods, books, games, and an assortment of random items that we figured might come in handy. The midday April sun shone down over the black pavement, which seemed to stretch forever ahead of us, beckoning.

We had decided to spend the nine days of our vacation driving out to the Ozarks in Missouri for a weeklong writers’ gathering. Several old friends would be there to greet us, as well as some new faces we were eager to meet.

Even though the trip would take two-and-a-half days, we had opted to journey by car so that we could experience the great American landscape in a tactile way that faster forms of travel couldn’t provide. Besides, I hadn’t taken a real road trip in over a year. I needed to scratch my itching wanderlust.

By early afternoon, the crowded swarm of Jersey license plates had given way to the open expanse of rolling Pennsylvania pastures. We crossed onto I-76, stopping for lunch at a Subway in a tiny town near Reading. We reached the edge of the Allegheny mountain range several hours later. As the car wended its way around the slopes and valleys, the setting sun bobbed into view and then out again.

It was well past dusk when the last of the foothills fell away from the sight of my rearview mirror, but a constant influx of coffee kept my foot flat on the accelerator. We had driven in darkness a quarter of the way across the flat expanse of Ohio before Val convinced me to find a motel and rest for a few hours. We pulled off in Zanesville at one in the morning, and collapsed.

When we awoke, we felt a renewed lust for exploration. We decided to explore the local attractions. It was a Sunday, so almost everything was closed, but after a few minutes of aimless driving we came across a dusty flea market. The vendors were housed in what appeared to be a small abandoned storage complex; it looked more like a group garage sale than anything else. After scrounging through some of the wares, I bought AC/DC’s album Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap on vinyl and a framed watercolor of some lilies. Val picked up a Bee Gees album.

Our spirits were high as we sped down I-70 towards Columbus. We were going to stop there for lunch at a café I had found on the Internet that sold vegan fare. The city approached, and Val guided me through the various lane changes I had to make to get to the café. At one junction, I accidentally missed our turn. As I veered the car over to the correct direction, something dreadful occurred.

It sounded like this: scruuuunnnnnck!

Almost immediately the car began to lose momentum. I pressed the pedal to its limit, but could not move over 40. A loud whirring sound emanated from the front hood.

We pulled into an empty business driveway and opened the hood. The noise was frighteningly loud, but neither of us could see a problem. The belts all seemed to be whirring. The engine was putt-putting. Nothing was out of place.

“How far are we from the café?” I asked.

“Only about two miles,” Val replied.

I scrunched my nose at the car’s innards. “We can make it that far, as long as I don’t go fast. We can eat and ask them where the nearest repair place is.” She agreed, and we lurched back onto the road.

Some interminable time later, we arrived at our destination. The café was empty, except for a scruffy, aged man sitting at one end of the bar, and two employees behind the counter. I scanned the menu above their heads. Doughnuts, coffee, pastries…

“Excuse me,” I asked one of the employees, a middle-aged woman with brown curls bound into a hairnet. “Is any of your food vegan?”

She looked at me as if I was from a different planet. “Vegan? What’s that?”

“It’s like a vegetarian, except they also don’t eat milk or eggs.”

“No, nothing like that,” she replied. “We don’t serve specialty foods.”

“Oh.” I didn’t know what else to say.

The woman peered at Val and me. “You two want anything?”

I looked at Val. “You can eat. I’ll wait.”

“No,” Val said to the woman, and then turned to me. “We’ll find somewhere else that has something you can eat.” She was always doing that sort of thing.

“Is there a car shop nearby?” I asked.

The old man in the corner spoke up before the woman could respond. “Not that’s open on a Sunday,” he drawled. “Somethin’ the matter with your car?”

“We don’t know. It’s making some noise, but we can’t see anything wrong with it. It’ll run, but I can’t get up to full speed.”

He pondered this a moment, staring down at the cup of coffee in front of him. “Right,” he said. “I’ll come out and have a look.”

The man limped out to the parking lot with us as we described what had occurred. I noticed that he was missing most of his teeth. He looked under the hood, had us start the car so he could listen to the noise, and finally came to the conclusion that we probably needed oil. He told us to walk down the street to the convenience store and buy four quarts. He also suggested that we allow the car to run for a few minutes after adding the oil, to see if the noise would go away.

As Val and I ventured to the store, I voiced my doubts about the man’s advice. “I don’t see how it could be the oil,” I said. “I just got it changed before we left yesterday.”

“Maybe that noise we heard before was something breaking that caused a leak,” she speculated.

“Maybe. That’d be one helluva leak…we’d better buy as much oil as we can.”

We picked up a total of eight quarts at the store – everything they had. We carried it back up the block, and I emptied two of them into the car. We started the engine and waited.

After a moment, the clanking sound did improve slightly, but not enough to make me confident. I decided to let the car run for about 15 minutes, just to make sure things were copasetic.

Nothing changed at the end of that period, but we were both hungry and eager not to waste more of the day. Besides, the car wasn’t dying or exploding. We got in and took once again to the open road.

About a mile onto the highway, my Daewoo expired.

Val called AAA, and we sat in the simmering afternoon sun, discussing how we’d have to shift our plans to make it to Missouri. I would get the car towed to a shop, and have them look at it when they opened in the morning. We would have to spend the night in Columbus.

An hour later the tow truck showed up. In the driver’s seat was a weathered but lively man of perhaps 40. He offered to take us to a place that was a little farther, but honest and high quality. Val and I agreed to pay the extra that the longer drive would cost. As we sat with him in the cab, he asked us about our lives, and told us about his. At one point, his teenage son called him on his two-way radio, and they conversed like old friends. They parted with an “I love you.” The driver proceeded to explain to us glowingly about how his boy was an upcoming basketball star, and asked us about the college basketball scene in Connecticut. I pretended to know something about UCONN’s team, though the only thing I really knew was that they existed.

We dropped the car off at a shop in a suburban neighborhood with small but manicured lawns. Then he asked us if we wanted a lift to a motel at no extra cost. He brought us to a spot about two miles away that he said would be inexpensive. I kept a mental note of the route he took, so that we’d be able to find the car again the next day.

The motel was along a main road, with department stores right down the street. We had nothing else to do, so we walked over in search of food. We passed a Starbucks, but no restaurants with anything that would meet my dietary needs. Instead, we rifled around in a Home Goods. I found some prepackaged Pumpernickel bread there, and munched on that as we headed back to our temporary abode. On the way, we stopped in a gas station and picked up a map.

The afternoon had started to give way to evening. Val and I were both starved, and I couldn’t stand the idea of being trapped in a motel room for the rest of the evening. The best thing we could do, I thought, was to explore this unknown place. So, map in hand, we picked a direction that looked promising and began walking. Several miles up the road, we came across a Noodles & Company restaurant. Elated, we sat down for a customized meal of noodles, tofu, and salad. The place was thoroughly postmodern, with exposed piping painted in catchy colors and Death Cab for Cutie streaming over the satellite radio speakers. College kids filled the booths around us.

It was dark by the time we headed out. We passed more college students on the streets as we retraced our steps towards the motel. I observed that every person we had seen that day was white. Having grown up near New York City, something about that felt odd to me.

“I know,” said Val, who was born in Uruguay. “Since I came to the U.S., I’ve never felt like a minority until now.”

Back at the motel, I realized that I would have to trek out one more time. When we had dropped the car off at the repair shop, we had left almost all of our stuff inside, including clothes and toiletries. Even if the people there got to it right away, we’d probably be spending half the following day in Columbus. Neither Val nor I wanted to wait that long to change or brush our teeth.

I trudged alone in the darkness, taking the same route that the tow truck had taken earlier that day. At times there was no sidewalk, so I walked through the grass. I imagined how I must look: some stranger prowling across peoples’ lawns at ten o’clock at night. At one point, my foot came down on a sinkhole full of half-crusted mud. I slogged on, muttering obscenities to myself. I got to the car, stuffed all the necessary items into a few bags, and dragged them all the way back with me. The trip took nearly two hours.

That night, Val and I lay wrapped around one another in the unfamiliar and uncomfortable bed. As we drifted towards sleep, I told her a story about a man who was following another man because he had been told that he could learn the meaning of life from him. The main character was led into a pitch-dark building, where he found a set of stairs leading up to a door.

“…and as he felt his way to the door,” I whispered, “it opened on its own. A bright light shown from the other side, blinding him. His eyes adjusted, and he saw someone step out in front of him…”

“And then what happened?”

“…I don’t know…I’m too tired. I’ll finish the story later.”

“Kay,” she breathed, and we slipped into unconsciousness.


* * *


I woke up with the dawn on Monday morning. I had to trek back to the repair shop again to give them my key, and I wanted to get there right when they opened. There was free coffee in the motel lobby, which I gladly took advantage of. One thing I’ve discovered from staying in motels and hotels throughout my life is that they often have some of the best coffee around. This was no exception.

At the shop, the owner was more than happy to do whatever he could to fix my car. He spoke slowly, with a thoughtful Midwestern accent. I left with no doubt that my car was in good hands.

Val and I had more time to kill, so we walked back up the way we had gone for dinner the night before. We stopped at a tiny store that sold all kinds of yarn and sowing material. I marveled over the plethora of patterns and colors. In the center of the shop was a large poster explaining how yarn made from camels benefited the nomadic peoples of central Asia. Since they were always on the move, they had little means for survival in the harsh wilderness. Camel yarn was one of their vital sources of income.

We passed the rest of the early afternoon wandering around the area. Around two, the sky started to grow overcast and the wind picked up. Before heading back to our room, Val bought an ice cream from McDonalds. I picked up a newspaper and read about the results of some straw polls for the early candidates of the presidential race. In the middle of our respite, my cell phone rang.

It was the owner of the repair place. He had figured out what the problem was: the idler pulley had snapped. He told me that it wouldn’t be more than a few hundred dollars to fix, but that he’d have to get the part sent to him. Unless he could find a local shop that had one on hand, it could take up to three more days before my car was ready.

“I’ll call around, and get back to you today,” he said.

I relayed this information to Val, who suggested we get the rest of our junk from the car and keep it in the motel room. We called a taxi service from our room, asking them to make sure they brought a mini-van. Once at the shop, we cleared all of the clutter from my car in about fifteen minutes, piling it inside the van. Then we rode back and piled it in one corner of the motel room.

We spent the rest of that afternoon in a kind of nervous suspense. Neither of us was eager to go out again. Val wasn’t feeling well, and I was getting progressively more pessimistic about our situation. We also had to be careful what we did with the rest of our money – neither of us had anticipated all these extra expenses, and they were adding up quickly. There were still six days left to our vacation. We’d need cash for those, too.

Sometime near sunset, the owner called me again. He had good news and bad news.

The good news was that they had found a pulley from someone in Columbus from whom they could get it the next day. The bad news was that the pulley had bent a major engine valve when it broke. I’d have to replace the engine if I wanted my car to work anymore.

“I don’t know what you want to do,” said the owner. “It’ll probably cost you more than the car is worth to fix that. But if you don’t, you won’t have a car.”

“I have to think about it,” I mumbled. “I’ll call before you close.”

I paced around the motel’s parking lot for a few minutes, pondering the ramifications of this development. I suddenly had no desire to go to Missouri. I didn’t want to wait around in Ohio, either. I just wanted to go home and spend the rest of my vacation hiding under my sheets.

Val and I agreed that we couldn’t afford to repair the engine on top of everything else. She called one of our friends who had already arrived in the Ozarks to tell her that we wouldn’t make it. Our friend insisted we come, especially because we had been through so much. She even offered to pay for plane tickets to get us the rest of the way. We declined.

Meanwhile, I called the repair shop back. The owner apologized for the situation, told me that he’d only charge labor for the first half of the day, and that I needed to mail him the title when I got home so that he could scrap the car.

“Thanks for everything,” I replied. “I do have one other question, though. Where is the train station?”

“There is no train station in Columbus,” he answered.

I was shocked. How could a major city not be connected to the rail lines? “Are you sure? I’ve seen freight trains passing over about a block from here.”

“Oh, the railroad passes through here, all right, but they never built a station for a passenger line. There’s no place to get on. Have to use the airport.”

“Okay, thanks again.”

I told Val that we needed to get airline tickets for the morning as soon as we could to avoid having to pay for the motel another day. She searched on her laptop, and found some relatively inexpensive seats on a plane that was leaving in the early afternoon the next day. Then we ordered a pizza.

Outside, the clouds overhead had finally reached their saturation point. The wind picked up again, and lightning darted across the sky. A torrential rain broke out. I’ve always loved storms. I stepped out into this one, reveling in the shock of suddenly being soaked by nature. It momentarily distracted me from everything else that had ensued, and lent perspective to the day. No matter what happened in life, nothing could rob me of the rain. I felt a little better.

The following morning was bright and crisp. Val and I walked to a storage facility nearby to buy some boxes to put our things in. As soon as we were packed, we called another cab to take us to Columbus airport. He drove us on the highway past the inner city area, and I watched the high-rises of the crowded downtown slide by us. I wondered just how much about Columbus and its people we had learned from our two-day sojourn in a suburban corner on the outskirts. Was it the true face of the city? Was there a true face to any city?

At the airport, the first thing we did was check our boxes. We had to move items around between them to make sure they all stayed under the weight limits. Then we found an in-house restaurant for lunch. They put cheese in my salad, but I just picked it out. We sat in the “meditation room” for the remainder of our time before boarding, reading religious texts in relative quiet.

A few hours later, Val and I landed in Newark. Never before had the familiar grime of the metropolis seemed so welcoming to me. We loaded our luggage into another taxi and paid it to bring us to the apartment. It was dusk by the time we finally walked in the door. We had no money, no car, and no energy. We didn’t even bother to unpack the boxes. We headed straight for bed.

As we sank into the blankets, I asked Val, “What do you want to do tomorrow?”

She threw her arms around me, snuggling close. “Nothing!”

I agreed.

Monday, February 16, 2009

Obama and the Internet: Hope, Change, and Harsh Realities

Journey:

In early 2007, as Barack Obama’s campaign began to take shape, a California paralegal named Joe Anthony was inundated with responsibility. Several years before, Anthony had begun a MySpace fan page with the url of myspace.com/barackobama, and now it was taking on thousands of new friends.

Because of its popularity, the Obama team decided to work with Anthony to provide him with updates and to keep accurate information on the page. For several months, Anthony handled everything on his own for free. It began to cut into his work, his sleep, and his personal life. Finally, he asked to be paid for his service. The Obama team decided it had better just buy the page from him, and asked Anthony to set a price.

Anthony, who had no experience with this sort of thing, asked for about $39,000.00, an amount that is actually much lower (given the amount of friends – and clout – his page had acquired) than many Internet site owners and media consultants typically earn for similar deals. The Obama team, however, decided not to haggle. Instead, they had MySpace take the url away from Anthony on the grounds that it used Obama’s name. MySpace conceded, on the condition that Anthony got to keep his friends list. In the end, both parties wound up losing – but the Obama team no longer had to worry about someone on the outside having any control over the campaign’s image or message.

The Obama-Anthony debacle highlights the ultimate irony of Obama’s web-savvy campaign machine. By bypassing the middlemen and speaking “directly” to the American public, Obama was able to convince voters that he represented them best without worrying about the analytical scrutiny or filtering of the traditional media. As a result, traditional media professionals, who could only play catch-up in their reports and responses, were often relegated to gauging public response after the fact. This feedback loop allowed the Obama team to insulate its message while giving people the impression that they were shaping a political dialogue that was in fact shaping them.

The media were blocked from all but the most basic access to the campaign. Compared with McCain's "straight talk express," Obama might as well have been locked in a tower somewhere. In a July 24, 2008 article for The New Republic titled "End of the Affair," Gabriel Sherman wrote:

Reporters who cover Obama these days grouse that Obama's flacks shroud the campaign in secrecy and provide little to no access. "They're more disciplined than the Bush people," a reporter on the Obama trail gripes. "There was this idea of being transparent, but they're not. They're total tightwads with information."

Obama’s online campaign was the key to his grass-roots following and his unprecedented contribution base. His team’s organizational power was facilitated its focus on the youth culture, who primarily came to know him through the Internet. These novice voters and campaigners were eager to jump on board a campaign that they could participate in, and unquestioningly did whatever was asked of them. During the summer of 2008, college youths on break lined the streets of Manhattan, harassing passersby like lost Jehovah’s Witnesses. McCain (who, it must be remembered, only trailed by a few points in the popular vote), was barely a presence.

Obama’s online fundraising shattered all previous records. In September 2008, about $100 million of the $150 million he raised came from online contributions. It was the success of this method that gave him the edge in his final months, giving him the ability to buy all kinds of television advertising time and establish an extensive network of regional campaign offices.

But there were serious ethical problems with these funding practices that media outlets attempted to bring to the attention of the public, but which never gained traction. The most notable of these was Obama’s reversal on his promise to accept public funding after it became apparent that his online campaign would proffer him a significant advantage. When he did this, he offered essentially no apology or explanation. The media debated the moral ramifications for about a week, but dropped the subject when it failed to impact public perception. In October of 2008, the Washington Post reported that the Obama team was accepting donations through their website that were potentially untraceable (opening the possibility of illegal donations from people who’d exceeded the limit as well as other shady practices), the story did not even register among the public.

These and other scandals abounded – as did unanswered policy questions – but were only sporadically reported. Often, the story was too old by the time the media even got wind of what was going on. Other times, access was simply too restricted for a journalist to adequately vet an idea or suspicion. Even when stories did get out, the public just shrugged them off. Obama would come onto YouTube or change.org, say something vaguely inspiring, and his supporters would forget about what he’d done.

Now that Obama is living in a White House that is about as technologically advanced as a Commodore 64, he’s relying a little more on the media outlets he once forsook. And, as might be expected, they’ve come down on him a lot harder than they did during the campaign. The “honeymoon” period seems like it ended before he’d been there for a week. He’s promised to open his administration more, and to provide a way for outside voices to be heard in a more direct manner once it can be arranged. There’s no telling whether this will allow him to bypass traditional reporters once again.

But one thing is for sure – if he can avoid it, Obama certainly won’t let anyone else get hold of his message.


Monday, February 9, 2009

If You Can Read This, You're Pretty Damned Lucky.

Inquiry:

Do you want to hear a frightening statistic? 27% of today's high school graduates in America are "functionally illiterate," according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress. That means that at least 1 out of every 4 new young adults lacks the ability to grasp the meaning of what you are currently reading. And recall that we are only speaking of graduates. When one factors in the growing number of students who drop out, the implications become more dire.

Compare this with Western Europe. Norway has a 100% literacy rate. So does Luxembourg. And Denmark. Most of the nations of Europe have rates that hover at or only slightly below 100%. Canada's in the same league. So is Japan. In fact, compare the United States with almost any other developed nation, and the troubles with our system are obvious.

All of these uneducated masses are being unleashed in a sagging, struggling economy. The gap between the rich and the poor in the United States is growing, and this is partially due to the fact that these people lack the skills necessary for not just one specific job, but to adapt to changing conditions, to manage money, and so on. They also lack basic argumentative and negotiation skills - so that even though they have voices, they are powerless to use them properly.

In the end, this drags our entire infrastructure down. We throw money at welfare programs, educational measures, and all manner of other patch-ups at the overall expense of everybody, and the numbers continue to sag.

Don't get too comfortable when considering all of this. America may have an inordinate amount of power in the world right now, but mere might has never kept an empire afloat, and the kinds of phenomena we are currently witnessing have historically preceded the downfalls of most major powers. Stability is always more important than brute force, and with America's cracking institutions, it is not inconceivable that we could follow the Greeks, the Romans, or the Soviet Russians.

You and I have a stake in this. Even people who live in other nations have a stake in it. Cynicism and disenchantment with the system may be natural given the current climate of our nation, but that will not solve these still-fixable problems. It takes a village to raise a child, and it will take a global village to bring our nation and its youth into a functional maturity.So do something, and do it intelligently. It's your fate, too.

Saturday, February 7, 2009

Coffee Misperception

Discovery:

In an effort to save money and reduce waste, I often brew coffee at home and bring it with me to work in a travel mug. Because the mug I own is steel, I also keep a regular mug at work in case I need to warm my coffee in the microwave (I’m a slow drinker).

A few days ago, I had a jolting experience: as I poured the coffee from the metal mug into the regular one, I noticed that there were several tiny white cylindrical objects attached to the inside of the travel mug. Maggots! I was disgusted. I poured the coffee down the drain and rinsed the buggers down after it. I still felt a little creeped, so I drank a whole bottle of water to “wash” my throat out.

When I got home, I threw out the coffee grounds, washed everything thoroughly, and bought coffee at Starbucks for a few days. During this time, I wondered how the creatures had managed to infest a hot beverage, and why I hadn’t noticed them until after preparing everything. There seemed to be a gap somewhere, but I couldn’t put my finger on it.

I finally built up the courage to attempt homemade coffee again last night. I inspected everything before I used it. No sign of maggot activity. When it was ready, I grabbed the jar of sugar from the shelf. As I scooped out a spoonful of sugar, I found the answer to my questions: nested in the dunes of sugar were tiny grains of rice. Some of them must have gotten into my coffee before. I hadn’t been drinking maggot coffee after all! A wonderful feeling of exoneration swept over me.

Now I’m blissfully sipping from my travel mug once again. But I haven’t overcome the trauma of my experience entirely. Every so often, I pour my coffee into my other mug and check for foreign objects.

I may never be the same carefree coffee drinker I once was. And it’s all because of something that wasn’t even there.

Wednesday, February 4, 2009

Tips On Arguing - Tu Quoque

Inquiry:

“Tu quoque” means “you too.” This tactic relies on shifting the focus of an argument from its independent merits to the number of people who subscribe to it. There are two ways to misrepresent an argument with this method.

A recent commercial encouraged people to take nutritional supplements. It showed several virile individuals of differing ages and backgrounds, each asserting that they took supplements. The voice-over then sprang into action. “180 million Americans take a nutritional supplement.”

This “appeal to popularity” approach is an attempt to support a claim with the fact that many other people already do it. It relies on the listener to make two false assumptions:

1) That others share the same purposes and lifestyles. While it would certainly be noteworthy if many experts on a subject subscribed to a practice (like nutritionists in the supplement example), one should be wary of large numbers that do not specify the details behind them.

2) That popularity makes something right. Most Americans once practiced slavery, too.

The second type of tu quoque argument is one that essentially says “two wrongs make a right.” This is the type of thinking that has robbed the United States of much of its global credibility on humanitarian issues in the recent past. It is easy for other nations to blow off U.S. claims of human rights abuses in those countries because we’ve played party to torture and the dubious imprisonment of internationals. It doesn’t matter, with this type of thinking, that the claims may be justified.

Either way, one must look past who is doing something and find out why.

Tuesday, February 3, 2009

It Don't Matter If Obama's Black or White

Journey:

A few weeks ago, I was listening to a discussion on NPR’s Talk of the Nation about Obama’s decision to identify himself as African-American even though he is, technically, multi-racial. Some callers felt it was an affront or that it alienated them, while others felt it was a sign of self-solidarity and the recognition of a rightful cultural inheritance.

At the time, I was unsure where I stood on the issue. Being of primarily European descent myself, I could relate to the brushed-off feeling that some described. On the other hand, though, I recognized that extremely few “blacks” (indeed, extremely few Americans of any color) are descended from only one ethnic group. Americans tend to use skin tone as the primary determinant of race, and Obama fits the bill as far as melanin goes. No matter what he thought of himself growing up, those outside of his closest circles would have treated him as black, and he had to struggle with that impression as regularly as any full-blooded African.

The realities of Americans’ sight-based categorizations led me to consider further some of the sociological phenomena that may have contributed to Obama’s decision to favor the “black” label over the “multiracial” one. Identity negotiation depends as much upon the expectations that others have of an individual as they do on that individual’s own initial self-verification. That is, people in social environments strive to conform to the roles that the others in that group give them. What determines a person’s role may initially come from the perceptions that the individual has about himself prior to the group experience, but far more important will be the interpretations of his actions by others.

Identity is not a static feature; it develops and changes throughout a person’s lifetime, starting from birth. Identity plasticity is advantageous, because it allows us to fill multiple functions in a wide range of situations. Consider the world of jobs – few people these days only have one. Imagine that you start out as a factory worker, but are then promoted to the position of supervisor at a different facility. The technical skills you have may be equally applicable to either job; what changes are your social roles. You’re now expected to delegate tasks, to hold meetings with other supervisors, to hold a different standard of responsibility. Your old bosses are now colleagues. Your old coworkers are now friends-outside-of-work. Even the CEO’s expectations of you are different – she asks you for your opinion, or takes you to lunch, or demands to know why your workers are under-performing.

Identity is subtle and shifting, but certain aspects of it tend to become solidified over time when expectations stay consistent. We feel we’re trustworthy if long-standing acquaintances trust us. We feel we’re talented if lots of people notice our work. The identities we create are, in many cases, the self-fulfilled prophecies of what others allow us to demonstrate and recognize.

Eventually, these persistent characterizations become internalized. They become the fundamental principles by which we define ourselves.

Race is no different. It’s a socially constructed category with no simple physiological basis. So you can call yourself multi-racial all you like, but if people see you as black, you will experience society as a black person.

After contemplating all of these factors (and more), I felt I had a greater empathy for Obama’s choice of racial identity. But this Tuesday, as I watched him speak before the largest audience the National Mall has ever hosted, another thought occurred to me: this whole debate about racial identity relies upon an outmoded set of standards. Trying to figure out the best way to define Obama’s race is like trying to download an MP3 onto a record player: you’d run yourself in circles just looking for the USB port.

Like old technology, our understandings of race, ethnicity, culture, and other potentially divisive categorizations do little to capture what happens in the real world. Cultures change with each generation. Ethnicities have blended together and borrowed from one another for thousands of years. Peoples from different parts of the world have always been intermingling, trading wares and genes. Race doesn’t mean anything definite at all. All of these pieces of our identities are fluid and ethereal.

Obama doesn’t speak much about his race, because he doesn’t need to. He’s seen enough to understand how convoluted the concept is, how patently absurd. At the same time, he incorporates racially charged imagery into his speeches, juxtaposing some of the traditional “white” American narratives with those of other backgrounds. This is no mistake: he’s setting the precedent for a unified human narrative, where we can all feel as if these histories belong to our personal heritage.

Meanwhile, Obama’s prominence and eloquence has thrust racial questions back into the open. For the past few months in media and in peoples’ personal experiences, the meanings and experiences of race (on every side) have become salient topics of conversation.

This is also as it should be. When we can begin to talk about race, we begin to see some of the absurdities and travesties that our old definitions engender. And by seeing these, we can further erode the barriers of prejudice, discrimination, and systemic ignorance that continue to separate groups of humans from appreciating one another for what they really are.